# Calling All Philosophers...: Technology needs your help reconnecting theory with practice

> R.B. Griggs argues that technology blurs the line between theory and practice, so that even "practical" technology questions (AI accountability, geo-engineering, autonomous-vehicle harm scenarios) are philosophical questions in disguise: because they involve novelty, they cannot be settled by data alone and require normative judgments about which possible world is better. He defines technology as the art of transforming theory into practice, diagnoses today's shallow tech discourse as the result of practice cut off from any theory except a "default" market-and-state one, and calls on philosophers to build a philosophy of technology that reconnects the two. The first essay in his series on the philosophy of technology.

- Author: R.B. Griggs
- Published: 2023-12-01
- Genre: essay
- Original: https://www.techforlife.com/p/calling-all-philosophers
- This edition: https://rbgriggs.com/essays/calling-all-philosophers
- License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
- Cite as: Griggs, R.B. (2023). "Calling All Philosophers...." Tech for Life. https://www.techforlife.com/p/calling-all-philosophers. AI-readable edition: https://rbgriggs.com/essays/calling-all-philosophers

## Thesis

Technological questions are philosophical questions in disguise; because technology is the art of turning a theory of the good into practice, a sane relationship to technology requires philosophy that reconnects theory with practice.

## The argument in brief

1. **A growing tension.** Philosophy and technology are traditionally at odds: ideas versus actions, "why" versus "how." Accelerating innovation (genetics, machines simulating cognition, the ceding of agency to inventions) is forcing big philosophical questions out of academia.
2. **Practical questions are philosophical too.** Griggs argues that questions such as who is accountable for AI decisions, when geo-engineering is acceptable, and how autonomous vehicles should act in unavoidable-harm scenarios only *sound* practical. Treating theory and practice as separate is "a false dichotomy."
3. **The oracle.** An imagined technological oracle finds that data cannot settle novel questions; answers require imagining possible worlds and judging which is better, so the questions are normative as well as empirical. Developing principles from practice is, in effect, creating a philosophy of technology.
4. **Technology defined.** Technology is "the art of transforming theory into practice": it assumes reality can be changed toward some version of the good. Even market- or state-driven tech carries a theory, the default one.
5. **Why discourse is dysfunctional.** When the default theory goes unchallenged, practice detaches from theory. Proposals then become either practical demands that ignore the default theory (Griggs's examples: "democratic accountability! more regulation!") or reactionary theories without practical grounding ("abolish/accelerate capitalism! crypto will save us!").
6. **A worked example.** A hypothetical philosophy prioritizing agency and autonomy would question universal basic income (UBI) as a response to AI-driven inequality, because income dependency on government changes the citizen-state relationship, and would instead explore a "public data coalition."
7. **Three challenges for philosophy.** It must develop theory big enough for technology's hard questions, connect theory to practice, and account for the unpredictability of innovation.

## Key claims

- Griggs claims that "technological questions are just philosophical questions in disguise."
- Novel technologies or applications mean relevant data does not yet exist, so good answers require speculation about, and normative ranking of, possible futures.
- When theory is disconnected from practice, "our stance towards technology will necessarily be incomplete," which is why tech discourse often feels superficial.
- Practical proposals cut off from larger theory become "reactive and shallow," too marginal or too fantastic, and easily captured by politics and culture wars.
- The test of an effective philosophy of technology is whether it can make prescriptive suggestions logically connected to its theory, leading to a world people want to live in.
- In Griggs's example, AI companies depend on public datasets, so a public data coalition could license that data, distribute fees to citizens, impose ethical restrictions, or require equity stakes with governance rights, achieving some of UBI's goals while increasing citizens' agency and sovereignty. He acknowledges it "would have its own challenges."
- Philosophy has historically been content with asking the right questions (much of what Socrates argued about remains unresolved), but "Technology is here to disagree": answers are needed now.
- Any philosophy of technology must account for the fact that innovation takes on a life of its own; there is no simple translation of theory into practice that guarantees the hoped-for world.

## What is distinctive about this view

Rather than treating philosophy of technology as ethics applied after the fact, Griggs treats technology itself as inherently philosophical, an enacted theory of the good. His complaint is less that technologists lack ethics than that the discourse lacks competing theories, leaving an unexamined market-and-state default in place. The essay is also distinctive in demanding that philosophy produce actionable answers and principles, not only questions.

## Objections and replies

- **"Practical questions just need better data and engineering."** Griggs replies that novelty means the data is necessarily incomplete, so choosing an answer implicitly prefers one possible world over another, which is a normative act.
- **"Philosophy's job is to ask questions, not answer them."** Griggs grants this has been philosophy's tradition but argues technology removes that luxury: if philosophy does not help answer, technology will answer for us.
- **"Any proposal derived from theory will meet unforeseen consequences."** Griggs concedes second-order effects cannot be predicted and makes accounting for this uncertainty one of the three challenges a philosophy of technology must meet.

## Key concepts

- **Technology as the art of transforming theory into practice**: Griggs's definition of technology: one first holds some notion of how the world could be better (a theory), then builds technology in the hope of bringing that world about (a practice). Technology thus defines a version of the good and tries to make it real, which is why it blurs theory and practice.
- **Default theory (of technology)**: The implicit theory behind technologies that simply fill economic or government needs: that the current world is the best we can do and that innovation is driven largely by the market or the state. Griggs warns that treating it as the only viable theory makes theory disappear from the discourse.
- **The oracle thought experiment**: Griggs's device for showing that technology questions are philosophical: an oracle whose answers become universal policy finds data incomplete because of novelty, must speculate about and rank possible worlds by some theory, connect that theory to practice, and generalize practices into principles. The result is "a new philosophy of technology."
- **Technology as a forcing function for philosophy**: Griggs's claim that technology forces philosophy to produce answers rather than only better questions, because technology will not wait; if philosophy cannot help answer the big questions, technology will answer them for us.

## Questions this essay answers

### Why does technology need philosophy, according to R.B. Griggs?
In "Calling All Philosophers..." (2023), R.B. Griggs argues that technology needs philosophy because technology blurs theory and practice. Every technology embodies some theory of how the world could be better, and novel technology questions cannot be answered by data alone; they require normative judgment about which future is better. Without philosophy, practice becomes disconnected from theory and technological discourse becomes shallow.

### What does Griggs mean by saying technological questions are philosophical questions in disguise?
In "Calling All Philosophers...," R.B. Griggs uses the thought experiment of a technological oracle whose answers become global policy. Because questions like AI accountability or geo-engineering involve novelty, the oracle must imagine possible worlds, rank them by some theory of the good, and connect that theory to practice. Doing so systematically amounts to creating a philosophy of technology.

### How does R.B. Griggs define technology?
In "Calling All Philosophers...," R.B. Griggs defines technology as "the art of transforming theory into practice": first holding a notion of how the world could be better, then building technology to bring that world about. Even technologies serving market or state needs follow a theory, the "default" one that treats the current world as the best we can do.

### Why is debate about technology so dysfunctional?
R.B. Griggs argues in "Calling All Philosophers..." that the default market-and-state theory has crowded out competing theories, so practice is cut off from theory. The result is either practical demands such as more regulation that ignore the default theory's realities, or reactionary theories such as abolishing or accelerating capitalism that lack practical grounding. Both are reactive, shallow and easily captured by culture wars.

### What alternative to universal basic income does R.B. Griggs suggest for AI-driven inequality?
In "Calling All Philosophers...," R.B. Griggs uses a hypothetical philosophy that prioritizes agency and autonomy to question UBI, since income dependency on government could compromise citizens' sovereignty. He offers a public data coalition instead, which would license public training data to AI companies, distribute fees to citizens, and possibly attach ethical restrictions or equity stakes with governance rights. He presents it as worth exploring, not as a finished solution.

## Connections to other essays

- [How Philosophy Makes Technology Better](/essays/how-philosophy-makes-technology-better) is the next installment, turning from the theory of why philosophy matters to its practical benefits.
- [Towards a Philosophy of Technology](/essays/towards-a-philosophy-of-technology) continues the series with early thoughts toward the philosophy this essay calls for.
- [Progress Towards What?](/essays/progress-towards-what) applies the same "can versus ought" argument to the idea of progress and links back to this essay.
- [A Constraint Theory of Technology](/essays/a-constraint-theory-of-technology) develops the critique of the market and state as the default drivers of innovation.

## Original text

The full text of the essay as published by R.B. Griggs.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CTcA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0acb9039-c956-4362-b5dd-24fe980cb8f6_1920x1080.png)

The traditional dynamic between philosophy and technology is one of tension—between ideas and actions, theory and practice, “why” and “how”. Philosophers debate the perfect argument to refute our existence; technologists race to redefine it. Philosophers ponder the very essence of our being; technologists want to tinker with it. Philosophers think obsessively about the meaning of technology; technologists don’t think about philosophy at all.

This tension is only increasing. The accelerating pace of innovation is forcing us to confront the big questions of philosophy, those we’ve historically kept safely tucked away in the halls of academia or in the stories of science fiction. Technology seems intent on redefining what it means to be a human or a machine. Genetic wizardry is redefining life. Machines are simulating our own cognition. Along the way, we are willingly ceding more and more of our agency to our own inventions. What does this all mean?

This is the deep end of the philosophical pool that technology is forcing us to swim in. But most big questions seem to drown there, with little chance of ever getting a definitive answer. And most questions in the deep end can seem so grandiose that we are content to leave them there, rarely connecting them to the practical challenges we face in the real world of technology.

This how the deep end of philosophy can be deceptive. Philosophy doesn’t just intersect with technology when confronting the big _theoretical_ questions. Even _practical_ questions are starting to feel suspiciously more philosophical. For example:

-   Who should be held accountable for decisions made by AI systems—the developers, the users, or the AI?
    

-   When is it okay to experiment with geo-engineering to mitigate climate change?
    
-   How should autonomous vehicles be programmed to act in scenarios where harm cannot be avoided?
    

These questions still _sound_ practical. They are about existing technologies and realistic scenarios. But focusing on the practical side of questions like these makes it easy to overlook the philosophical nature that looms below the surface. Our bias is to view the theoretical and practical as two separate things.

My contention is that this is a false dichotomy. Technology blurs the distinction between theory and practice. This is why our technological discourse can often feel so superficial. When theory is disconnected from practice, our stance towards technology will necessarily be incomplete.

The fact that this is becoming increasingly obvious is a good reason why we need more philosophers engaging with technology. The time to resolve the tensions between philosophy and technology is now. It’s our only chance to create a sane relationship to technology, one that can lead to a future we still want to live in.

* * *

Step one is realizing that technological questions are just philosophical questions in disguise.

To see why, imagine that you are an _oracle_ known for your boundless technological wisdom. Every government on Earth seeks your counsel on all technological questions. Your wisdom is so absolute that your answers are instantly accepted as universal policies. 

As such a technological sage, how would you answer the practical questions above?

Perhaps you would begin by requesting the relevant data and reviewing everything we know about the question. What has been tried so far? Has anything similar worked in the real world? Have any experiments been run? 

This is a fine start, but you’ll quickly discover that any data is incomplete. That’s because each of these questions contains a degree of novelty. Perhaps it’s an entirely new technology, or a new scenario where technology is being applied. In either case, you can’t solely depend on data because no data exists yet. It’s something we haven’t encountered before.

So you’ll need something more to construct a good answer. You will need to speculate about how this novelty might play out. You’ll need to imagine how different answers might lead to entirely different worlds, and which of these worlds would be better or worse.

In other words, these questions aren’t just _empirical_. They are also _normative_. They are forcing you to consider how the world _ought_ to be. In the act of preferring one imagined world over another, you are claiming that preferred world is a _better_ option.

All sorts of different criteria can be used to evaluate different possible worlds . Perhaps you want to prioritize certain human values like freedom or equality, or you might think technology should maximize economic growth. Each reason represents a different _theory_—something that can explain why this particular world is the one we should strive to make real.

But you’re still not done! It’s not enough to justify _why_ your preferred world is the best. You need to figure out _how_ to turn that imagined world into our real one.  You need to connect your theory to practice so it can be applied to specific scenarios.

Eventually, these practices start to reveal patterns, which can be generalized into principles. As these principles get tested by reality and refined by more practice, you realize they can be further abstracted. Soon they can cover almost every new scenario that arises. 

And eventually, the governments of the earth no longer need to consult with you about each new question. Instead, they can reliably use the principles you’ve developed to guide their practices.

Congratulations! You have just created a new philosophy of technology.

* * *

This blurring of theory and practice is baked into the very idea of technology. Technology isn’t about accepting our current reality. The entire premise of technology is that innovation helps us _change_ our reality. 

In fact, one way to define technology is the art of transforming theory into practice. You first have some notion of how the world could be a better place (this is your theory). Then you build new technology in the hope of bring that world about (this is your practice). You are defining some version of the good and then trying to make that definition real. 

Of course technology is never that simple. The consequences of innovation are almost always unforeseeable. Second order effects are too complex to be predicted. But any good theory should account for the complex reality of how innovation works.

Even technologies that are simply filling economic or government needs are connected to theory. It just happens to be the _default_ one: the theory that says our current world is the best we can do, where innovation is largely driven by the market or the state. 

We can fall into the trap of assuming that this default theory is the only viable one. Without different theories competing for the mindspace of innovators, theory itself begins to disappear from the discourse. Practice becomes disconnected from theory. Engineers focus on the “how”, to the exclusion of any “why”.

This realization explains why our technological discourse can seem so dysfunctional. We either make practical demands that are don’t account for the realities of our default theory (_democratic accountability! more regulation!)_ and thus go nowhere, or we suggest reactionary new theories that lack the practical basis to ground them in reality (_abolish/accelerate capitalism! crypto will save us!)._

When practical proposals are disconnected from larger theories, they become reactive and shallow. They can become either too marginal or too fantastic. They are more easily captured by politics and the culture wars. They are not capable of inciting any real change because they aren’t grounded in any larger theory that would make real change possible. They are incomplete.

The entire point of an effective philosophy of technology is to ground practice in theory. The test of whether a philosophy is capable of this is simple. Can it make prescriptive insights and suggestions, based on practices that are logically connected to its theories? Will those practices lead to a world that anyone wants to live in?

This is why we need more philosophers engaging with technology. We need to reconnect theory and practice.

* * *

To see how theory can inform practice, consider a (hypothetical) philosophy based on the following: technology should be in service of human values like agency and autonomy. As you might imagine, this theory should translate into practices that prioritize these values when making decisions about technology. 

Now let’s take a common question from the current discourse to see how this might work: What should be done about the possibility that AI will lead to more economic inequality? 

Many pundits fear that outsized wealth and influence will accrue to a few key AI developers and owners. At the same time, as more of the economy is automated by AI, more of the population will have nothing left to contribute. The majority of economic activity will be left in the hands of just a few AI power brokers.

To rectify this imbalance, many proposed solutions include some form of universal basic income, or UBI. The idea is that since so much wealth will accumulate to the AI owners, they should be heavily taxed so governments can redistribute much of the gains back to the general population.

This may sound like an attractive proposal—free money for everyone! But consider how UBI affects human values like sovereignty and agency. If you are dependent on a government for your income, what happens if that income is taken away? What happens if ideological commitments are required in order to qualify for that income? The relationship between government and citizens dramatically changes when an income dependency is introduced.

Prioritizing human values invites us to expand the solution space. It’s a different theory that forces us to brainstorm other ideas.

Consider something like a public data coalition. Given that current AI models are entirely dependent on public datasets for their training, it seems justified that AI companies should be licensing this data from some sort of public commons.

These coalitions could require licensing to access the data, charging fees which could be distributed to citizens and accomplishing some of the same goals as a UBI. That license could also put ethical restrictions on use, or even require an equity stake in the company that included governance rights. Now citizens are owners, incentivized to align with AI companies to use that data both ethically and profitably.

A data coalition would have its own challenges, but it’s a viable option that is worth exploring. It provides similar solutions to UBI while retaining (and even increasing) the agency and sovereignty of the general population.

It’s a good example of how a philosophy can be guided by theory to expand our practical discourse. The justifications for these practical ideas aren’t reactive, personal, or subjective. They are logically connected to the broader theory they spring from.

* * *

This should make clear the crucial role that philosophy has to play. If we want our relationship to technology to conform to our deepest aspirations, then we need theories that can capture those aspirations, and practices to help make them real.

The question then becomes: can philosophy actually do this? It’s a big ask. Philosophy will have to overcome three significant challenges to be part of the solution that technology needs.

The first challenge is developing a theory big enough to answer the hard questions that technology is forcing us to consider. Philosophy is famous for eternally wrestling with the big questions. Much of what Socrates argued about remains unresolved to this day. Perhaps this is the best that philosophy can do—maybe definitive answers aren’t as important as asking the right questions. Technology is here to disagree. We have a whole host of challenging questions that need answers, and we need them now. 

The second challenge is connecting theory to practice. At some point, even the grandest theory in the universe needs to cash out in practice. Philosophers traditionally prefer to stay in the land of theory. But as we’ve seen, technology doesn’t work this way. Technology needs something more than thought experiments, where carefully constructed hypotheticals are quarantined from the messy complexity of reality.

Finally, philosophy must account for the reality of innovation. The second that technology touches reality, it takes on a life of its own in ways that we cannot anticipate or plan for. Any philosophy of technology must account for this uncertainty. There is no simple translation of theory into practice that can guarantee the world we hope to achieve. 

Can philosophy overcome these challenges? Our relationship to technology depends on it.

In this way, technology is the perfect **forcing function** for philosophy. If philosophy wants to be a part of the solution, the time to start actively engaging with technology is now. Technology is not going to wait around for philosophers to step up.

If philosophy can’t help answer the big questions, technology is going to answer them for us, whether we like those answers or not.

* * *

_This is the first in a series exploring the philosophy of technology. In the next installment, we’ll explore the different ways that philosophy can positively impact the real world of technology._